Short Notes on- Commercial Announcements

Commercial Announcements is dedicated to manufacturers and developers of sample libraries, virtual instruments, and other music gear announcing their development, upgrades, updates, upcoming releases, projects, contests, and promotions and deals them themselves put together. 

The invention relates to a method for broadcasting customized commercial announcements, that includes the following steps: determining at least one broadcasting criterion; making a pre-selection of a group of commercial announcements corresponding to the broadcasting criterion or criteria; from said pre-selection, making a selection of announcements having an intrinsic correlation between them based on at least one predetermined correlation criterion; concatenating the selected announcements in order to form at least one eligible commercial sequence; electing a sequence from the selected announcements; and broadcasting the elected sequence.

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Define debit card. Mention the benefits of using a debit card:

A debit card is a service provided by a bank. It is a banking card enhanced with automated teller machine (ATM) and point-of-sale features to become a debit card. It can be used for purchases at merchants. Debit cards are linked to an individual’s checking account, allowing funds to be withdrawn at the ATM and point-of-sale without writing a check.

Benefits of using a debit card:

• The payment process at the checkout counter is made quicker and more convenient. No need to fill out a check or to present identification and wait while the identification is written down or verified.
• A debit card eliminates the need to carry a checkbook and a lot of cash.
• A debit card is useful budgeting tool to track purchases.
• A debit card Don’t deplete the available cash in your wallet.
• A debit card can be used out of town or at locations where personal checks are not accepted.
• A debit card Reduces the possibility of loss or theft of cash. 
• A debit card is not a loan, no interest accrues on purchases.

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Short Notes on Correspondent banking

Correspondent banking is an arrangement under which one bank (correspondent) holds deposits owned by other banks (respondents) and provides payment and other services to those respondent banks. Such arrangements may also be known as agency relationships in some domestic contexts. 

In international banking, balances held for a foreign respondent bank may be used to settle foreign exchange transactions. Reciprocal correspondent banking relationships may involve the use of so-called nostro and vostro accounts to settle foreign exchange transactions.

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Short Note on Certificate of Deposit

Certificate of Deposit (CD) is a money market instrument. CDs can be issued by scheduled commercial banks and select All-Country Financial Institutions (FIs) that have been permitted by BB to raise short-term resources. Minimum amount of a CD should be Rs.1 lakh, i.e., the minimum deposit that could be accepted from a single subscriber should not be less than Tk.1 lakh and in multiples of Tk. 1 lakh thereafter.

The maturity period of CDs issued by banks should not be less than 7 days and not more than one year, from the date of issue. CDs may be issued at a discount on face value.

In this, a person invests his money in COD and after the end of maturity period he receives money along with interest.

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Short Note on Charge Document

A charge document is a Security documents may give the lender far wider remedies than those in the loan agreement, and the lender may be free to exercise those rights without regard to the loan agreement.

Bank/ Companies which borrow money on security should not assume that the lender's rights are restricted to those set out in the loan agreement.

In fact, the security documents may give the lender far wider remedies than those in the loan agreement. And, as a recent case shows, the lender may be free to exercise those rights without regard to the loan agreement.

Borrowers obviously need to check both loan and charge documentation to ascertain what events of default they're subject to. Any different rights that the lender has under the loan and the charge also need to be checked. Given the complexity of much commercial documentation, this is a matter on which professional advice should be sought.

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Short Notes on Inclusive Banking

Inclusive banking is an attempt aimed at taking the banking services to customers who hitherto did not benefit from banking system as a whole and were dependent on non-banking and non-formal financing options. In other words, inclusive banking means helping those who are excluded from the financial system to join and benefit from it. In this case banks are dedicated accounts for people on low incomes across several areas of the country.

In Bangladesh, government’s programs and policies seek to accelerate inclusive economic growth, focusing public expenditure outlays in developing the social and physical infrastructure, crowding in private investments in output activities. The government’s inclusive growth efforts are being supported by Bangladesh Bank’s (BB’s) financial inclusion drive engaging banks in reaching out with credit and other financial services to productive pursuits in under-served areas like small landholder/tenant farming, SMEs, renewable energy and other environmentally benign ventures. To facilitate cost effective reach out by banks to these newer client segments, branch based financial service delivery is being supplemented by mobile phone/smart card based remote delivery, as also by on-lending /co-financing partnerships of banks with locally active regulated Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs).

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Short Notes on Non-Performing Asset

The bank being financial intermediaries are in the business of accepting deposits for the purpose of lending and to augment their resources at times they borrow money from other sources and meet the ever increasing borrowing requirements of their customers. However, most of the business is done by banks with the funds which are collected from the public by way of deposits. They are, therefore, answerable to the public at large, who are keeping their funds with the banks by reposing trust in the ability of banks that they will not put the depositors interest to jeopardy.

A non-performing asset in the banking sector may be termed as an asset not contributing to the income of the bank. In other words, it is a zero yield asset when applied particularly to loan and advances. The actual concept of NPA is that it is an asset which ceases to yield income for the bank and that any income accrued from such asset shall not be treated as income until it is actually realized. Classification of an asset as NPA should be a based on record of recovery. Therefore, an asset is to be classified as NPA when there is a threat of loss for the recoverability is in doubt. In spite of wide ranging reform measures initiated in the banking sector, the problem of non-performing assets assumed a central place in issues relating to banking sector.

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Marketing Short Notes on- 'Customer loyalty'

Customer loyalty is all about attracting the right customer, getting them to buy, buy often, buy in higher quantities and bring one even more customers. However, that focus is not how one builds customer loyalty. 

One builds loyalty by- 

1. Keeping touch with customers using email marketing, thank you cards and more. 

2. Treating your team well so they treat your customers well. 

3. Showing that you care and remembering what they like and don’t like. 

4. You build it by rewarding them for choosing you over your competitors. 

5. You build it by truly giving a damn about them and figuring out how to make them more success, happy and joyful. 

In short, one builds customer loyalty by treating people how they want to be treated.

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Inter Bank reconciliation- Short Note of IT-DAIBB

An accounting process used to compare two sets of records to ensure the figures are in agreement and are accurate. Reconciliation is the key process used to determine whether the money leaving an account matches the amount spent, ensuring the two values are balanced at the end of the recording period.Inter company reconciliation is reconciling among the two branches of the same company located in multiple locations. Where as one branch acts as seller to other branch when some product is moved from Branch A to B branch.

Eg:-when Branch A sends some products to Branch B then in this case. Branch A becomes the seller and Branch B becomes the purchaser.

Hence we require to reconcile between these two branches to make sure the right figures appear on the financial statements to the management.

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Spyware - Short Note of IT-DAIBB

Spyware is software that aims to gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge and that may send such information to another entity without the consumer's consent, or that asserts control over a computer without the consumer's knowledge.

"Spyware" is mostly classified into four types: system monitors, trojans, adware, and tracking cookies.[2] Spyware is mostly used for the purposes of tracking and storing Internet users' movements on the Web and serving up pop-up ads to Internet users.

Whenever spyware is used for malicious purposes, its presence is typically hidden from the user and can be difficult to detect. Some spyware, such as keyloggers, may be installed by the owner of a shared, corporate, or public computer intentionally in order to monitor users.

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Encryption - Short Note of IT-DAIBB

In cryptography, encryption is the process of encoding messages or information in such a way that only authorized parties can read it.[1] Encryption does not of itself prevent interception, but denies the message content to the interceptor.

In an encryption scheme, the message or information, referred to as plaintext, is encrypted using an encryption algorithm, generating ciphertext that can only be read if decrypted.[2] For technical reasons, an encryption scheme usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm. It is in principle possible to decrypt the message without possessing the key, but, for a well-designed encryption scheme, large computational resources and skill are required. 

An authorized recipient can easily decrypt the message with the key provided by the originator to recipients, but not to unauthorised interceptors.

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Mobile Apps - Short Note of IT-DAIBB

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on smartphones, tablet computers and other mobile devices.

Apps are usually available through application distribution platform, which began appearing in 2008 and are typically operated by the owner of the mobile operating system, such as the Apple App Store, Google Play, Windows Phone Store, and BlackBerry App World. Some apps are free, while others must be bought. 

Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes they can be downloaded to laptops or desktop computers. For apps with a price, generally a percentage, 20-30%, goes to the distribution provider (such as iTunes), and the rest goes to the producer of the app.[1] The same app can therefore cost the average Smartphone user a different price depending on whether they use iPhone, Android, or BlackBerry 10 devices.

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Personal identification number(PIN)- Short Note of IT-DAIBB

A personal identification number (PIN, pronounced "pin"; often redundantlyPIN number) is a numeric password shared between a user and a system, that can be used to authenticate the user to the system. Typically, the user is required to provide a non-confidential user identifier or token (the user ID) and a confidential PIN to gain access to the system. Upon receiving the user ID and PIN, the system looks up the PIN based upon the user ID and compares the looked-up PIN with the received PIN. The user is granted access only when the number entered matches with the number stored in the system. Hence, despite the name, a PIN does not personally identify the user.

PINs are used with banking systems (where the identifying token is a card), but are also used in other, non-financial systems.The PIN is not printed or embedded on the card but is manually entered by the cardholder during automated teller machine (ATM) and point of sale (POS) transactions (such as those that comply with EMV), and in card not present transactions, such as over the Internet or for phone banking.

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Audit Trail- Short Note of IT-DAIBB

An audit trail (also called audit log) is a security-relevant chronological record, set of records, and/or destination and source of records that provide documentary evidence of the sequence of activities that have affected at any time a specific operation, procedure, or event. Audit records typically result from activities such as financial transactions, scientific research and health care data transactions, or communications by individual people, systems, accounts, or other entities.

The process that creates an audit trail is typically required to always run in a privileged mode, so it can access and supervise all actions from all users; a normal user should not be allowed to stop/change it. Furthermore, for the same reason, trail file or database table with a trail should not be accessible to normal users. Another way of handling this issue is through the use of a role-based security model in the software. The software can operate with the closed-looped controls, or as a 'closed system,' as required by many companies when using audit trail functionality.

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Marketing Short Note-`Brand Equity'

Brand Equity is the value and strength of the Brand that decides its worth. It can also be defined as the differential impact of brand knowledge on consumer’s response to the Brand Marketing. Brand Equity exists as a function of consumer choice in the market place. The concept of Brand Equity comes into existence when consumer makes a choice of a product or a service. It occurs when the consumer is familiar with the brand and holds some favourable positive strong and distinctive brand associations in the memory.

Brand Equity can be determined by measuring:
• Returns to the Share-Holders.
• Evaluating the Brand Image for various parameters that are considered significant.
• Evaluating the Brand’s earning potential in long run.
• By evaluating the increased volume of sales created by the brand compared to other brands in the same class.
• The price premium charged by the brand over non-branded products.
• From the prices of the shares that an organization commands in the market (specifically if the brand name is identical to the corporate name or the consumers can easily co-relate the performance of all the individual brands of the organization with the organizational financial performance.

Factors contributing to Brand Equity
• Brand Awareness
• Brand Associations
• Brand Loyalty
• Perceived Quality
• Other Proprietary Brand Assets

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Marketing Short Note-`Competitive strategy '

Competitive strategy refers to how a company competes in a particular business. Competitive strategy is concerned with how a company can gain a competitive advantage through a distinctive way of competing.

A competitive strategy answers the following questions.

• How do we define our business today and how will we define it tomorrow?

• In what industries or markets will we compete? The intensity of competition in an industry determines its profit potential and competitive attractiveness.

• How will we respond to the competitive forces in these industries or markets (from suppliers, rivals, new entrants, substitute products, customers)?

• What will be our fundamental approach to attaining competitive advantage (low price, differentiation, niche)?

• What size or market position do we plan to achieve?

• What will be our focus and method for growth (sales or profit margins, internally or by acquisition)?

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Management Accounting Short Note-'Industrial sickness and its causes'

Industrial sickness is defined as"an industrial company which has, at the end of any financial year, accumulated losses equal to, or exceeding, its entire net worth and has also suffered cash losses in such financial year and the financial year immediately preceding such financial year".

Internal causes for sickness:

1) Lack of finance; 

2) Bad production policies; 

3) Marketing and Sickness; 

4) Inappropriate personnel management; 

5) Ineffective Corporate management

External causes for sickness:
1) Personnel Constraint; 

2) Marketing Constraint; 

3) Production Constraint; 

4) Finance Constraint;

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Management Accounting Short Note-'Project Profile'

A project profile is a simplified description of an eventual project. In addition to defining the purpose and ownership of the project, it presents a first estimate of the activities involved and the total investment that will be required, as well as the annual operating costs and, in the case of income generating projects, the annual income.


It is simplified in a number of senses; costs may still not be well defined, minor items may be excluded, and assumptions as to the demand for the output of the investment, whether it be a childcare facility, a bridge, or canned vegetables, are probably just that – assumptions.

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Management Short Notes on 'job description'

A job description identifies essential and non-essential tasks that are assigned to a specific position. It also identifies reporting relationships and may also describe required qualifications, minimum requirements, working conditions, and desirable qualifications.
Supervisors are responsible for developing and maintaining accurate and current job descriptions for their staff. The duties should be appropriate for the classification and consistent with the class specification. It is not uncommon for duty statements to vary within the same classification due to the various departmental settings and organizational structures.

A job description is a powerful tool that is used:

1.    To communicate the job expectations to the employee

2.    To focus recruitment efforts

3.    To manage employee performance

4.    To set employee and organization goals
5.    For workload management

6.    For succession planning

7.    To create training and development plans

8.    For the job evaluation and classification process

9.    To establish fair, competitive pay rates for staff members

10.    To develop career paths and opportunities for job growth

11.    To help maintain compliance with federal regulations

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Management Short Notes on 'Management by exception'

Management by exception is a style of business management that focuses on identifying and handling cases that deviate from the norm, recommended as best practice by PRINCE2.

Management by exception has both a general business application and a business intelligence application. General business exceptions are cases that deviate from the normal behavior in a business process and need to be cared for in a unique manner, typically by human intervention. Their cause might include: process deviation, infrastructure or connectivity issues, external deviation, poor quality business rules, malformed data, etc. Management by exception here is the practice of investigating, resolving and handling such occurrences by using skilled staff and software tools. Good management can contribute to efficiency of business processes. Often in these cases the process will be called exception management, as exceptional cases are not the sole focus of the managerial policy, and exception management (as opposed to management by exception) denotes a more moderate application of the process.

Management by exception (MBE), when applied to business is a style of management that gives employees the responsibility to take decisions and to fulfill their work or projects by themselves. It consists of focus and analysis of statistically relevant anomalies in the data. If an unusual situation or deviation in the recorded data appears, which could cause difficulties for the business and can’t be managed by the employee at his level, the employee should pass the decision on to the next higher level. For example, if all products are selling at their expected volumes for the quarter, except one particular product which is underperforming or overperforming at a statistically relevant margin, only the data for that product will be presented to the managers for further investigation and discovery of the root cause. 

Management by exception can bring forward business errors and oversights, ineffective strategies that need to be improved, changes in competition and business opportunities. Management by exception is intended to reduce the managerial load and enable managers to spend their time more effectively in areas where it will have the most impact.

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